Scarlet Essays (656 words) - English-language Films,

Red Letter By Hawthorne And Sin For a large number of years, people have defied their corruption. Some trust in their strict confidence to help with their battles, some transgression more to stow away the truth. Be that as it may, at long last, man must independent ? as a wicked animal before God. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale makes some troublesome memories finding a spot to ease his transgression. The Scarlet Letter's platform is a spot for the hero to discover harmony with himself. That framework holds more significance than only some place to censure detainees. It is the one spot where Dimmesdale felt freed to state anything he wishes. In Puritan culture, the platform is utilized to embarrass and chasten detainees, be it witches at the stake, cheats in the stocks, or a killer swinging from the hangman's tree. In The Red Letter, the platform was seen more as a position of judgment. Small ... was the compassion that an offender may search for, from such observers, at the platform. (p. 63) Indeed, it was utilized for chastisement, however it was moreover a position of preliminary: Hester's preliminary was held at the platform. Remaining upon the stage opens oneself to God and to the world. They remained in the early afternoon of that peculiar and serious wonder, as though it were the light that is to uncover all privileged insights, and the dawn that will join all who have a place with each other. (p. 186) Being on the framework places oneself in a sentiment of profound exposure where you feel presented to God, yet purified. It was the one spot where Dimmesdale could discover total compromise. Seeing such an occasion as compromise is a significant intriguing encounter. Be that as it may, without comprehending what is going on, it can likewise be very appalling. With no exertion of his will, or capacity to control himself, he [Dimmesdale] screamed resoundingly: an objection that went ringing as the night progressed, and was beaten back starting with one house then onto the next, and resounded from the slopes out of sight; as though an organization of villains, distinguishing so much wretchedness and fear in it, had made a toy of the sound, furthermore, were bandying it forward and backward. (pp. 178-9) Indeed, the townsfolk felt the last mentioned. Lazy slumberers confused the cry either with something unpleasant in a dream, or for the clamor of witches.(p. 179) They didn't comprehend that this was his compromise. Both Governor Bellingham and Mistress Hibbens had awoken to the unpleasant sound and looked from their home in examination. At the point when they seen it was the Reverend in another of his 12 PM vigils instead of a weep for help, they staggered directly back to their resting chambers. Alongside this curious consideration from spectators, came the vibes of scorn, from Chillingworth and others. Favoring her [Hester]; a grin which - over the wide and clamoring square, and through all the discussion and giggling, and different contemplations, dispositions, and interests of the group - passed on mystery and frightful which means. (p. 284) Chillingworth may of had different plans, however subsequent to hearing what Dimmesdale needed to state, Chillingworth push himself to his knees and concede rout. In spite of the fact that he was a debilitated man, Dimmesdale's battle was not forever, be that as it may, for atonement. Indeed, his psychological anguish of wrongdoing is the thing that had caused his ailment. Dimmesdale would go through certain evenings scourging himself, just himself and a whip-like discipline gadget. He felt it basic to concede his transgression to himself what's more, to his locale and brethren ... The Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale went to the honorable and respected rulers; to the sacred priests, ... as realizing that some profound life-matter - which, if brimming with transgression, ... was currently to be exposed to them. (pp. 306) This demonstration of proclaiming his transgression is one bit nearer to salvation. The platform gives an ideal setting to remain before God with everything before oneself. Dimmesdale remained before God and his locale and decided to sink upon the platform. Hester incompletely raised him, and upheld his head against her chest. Old Roger Chillingworth stooped down close to him, with a clear, dull face, out of which the life appeared to have withdrawn. (p. 308) On the framework, Dimmesdale transparently uncovered his transgression and felt reestablished.

Mental Models free essay sample

Clinician Kenneth Craig proposed that people manufacture little complex models to envision occasions in actuality. It is a portrayal of the real world, naturally saw by a person. AAA Transportations and its representatives, Vernon and Bud, are having a contention between every others individual mental models. Vernon, the driver administrator, and Bud, a corporate laborer, have been working for AAA Transportations for more than 20 years. Vernon and Buds mental models depend on the drawn out information and comprehension of the organizations showcase just as its authoritative objectives. An alternate methodology is taken by the new proprietors, they accept that all together for the organization to thrive it must turn out to be progressively effective and furthermore should extend its market. Their psychological models are of more business accomplishment. They are not inspired by the current condition of the business and they don't have a similar mentality of its representatives. Albeit the two gatherings don't concur, the new proprietors comprehend that the help of the organizations workers is fundamental to the business accomplishment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mental Models or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The organization must endeavor to change the outlook of the two individuals from the organization, Vernon and Bud. All together for AAA Transportations to accomplish its new objectives basic mental models must be executed to its workers for it to be fruitful. It is exceptionally significant for AAA Transportations to bend over backward to pick up the help of key workers of their association to romanticize the new objectives. AAA Transportations doesn't wish to cause aggravation inside the workers by ending the individuals who don't concur with its new business bearing. Rather AAA Transportations objective is to alter the psychological models wherein Vernon and Bud see the association and its objectives. Perceiving the constraints of existing models, testing the models in the evolving condition, beating difficulties of the new model, and actualizing the new model. These four stages are exceptionally required all together for Vernon and Bud to begin thinking an alternate route inside the organization. Initial step, perceiving the constraints of existing models. The new proprietors of AAA Transportations can show its workers the absence of development for the organization and its representatives in the event that it stays in a similar business structure. By doing this Vernon and Bud will have the option to see that the organization would not have the chance of accomplishing more with this they could see the conceivable loss of benefit with the unfilled space in the trucks. Stage two, testing the models in evolving condition. The current and new models must be tried to challenge the changing elements in the organization. For instance the ascent of gas costs or the ascent of produce costs. Vernon and Bud will have the option to consider that to be the organization faces these difficulties the business must increase generous benefit so as to take care of the expenses. Stage three, conquering the difficulties of the new model. Difficulties inside the new model must be defeated so as to pick up help of key representatives. Vernon and Bud must have the option to see that the organization must grow for more noteworthy accomplishment. For that equivalent explanation Vernon and Bud must be completely instructed on the new model and the new objectives for AAA Transportations. Clear correspondence inside the organization must be actualized with the goal that representatives know about the objectives of the organization. Another test the new proprietors face is that they should win the trust of its workers. The new proprietors must have the option to show that the better-being of the workers is additionally there objective. By this progression, Vernon and Bud concur on the new plan of action. Since they are key workers, support from different representatives will start to get more noteworthy. AAA Transportations must execute the five powers that impact mental models. Instruction, preparing, prizes and motivators, impact of others, and individual experience. Instruction is profoundly significant for the organization to arrive at progress. Miscommunication or misconception can hold a gigantic weight to arrive at progress. Without instruction or formal preparing representatives won't have the fundamental devices to comprehend the new objectives of AAA Transportations. In this way workers may not frame comparable mental models of that of the new business course. Prizes and impetuses. On the off chance that AAA Transportations objectives are to increase more prominent benefits for higher wages for its workers, the representatives have an impetus and inspiration to execute the new model into the organization. The impact of others and individual experience are not constrained by AAA Transportations. Vernon and Bud would now be the key players to impact different workers. In light of their long-lasting relationship with the organization Vernon and Buds assessment of the new objectives are basic to impact different representatives in the organization. At long last, AAA Transportations should satisfy its statement. As Employees see the benefits of the new model, they start to help the activity. In this manner representatives lead to positive encounters of the new model.

Correctional Sex Offender Programs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Remedial Sex Offender Programs - Assignment Example In spite of the fact that the Washington Department of Correction’s program isn't the first of its sort, it is the first of its sort that has shown such a significant level of achievement and has deliberately spread out the techniques by which such victories have been acquired. All things considered, it will be the motivation behind this concise examination to break down the Washington Department of Correction’s interesting system so as to attract derivation on the numerous ways which wrongdoers are molded and educated to discharge the negative hazard factors that at first urged them to carry out wrongdoing it the primary spot. Also, induction will be drawn dependent on whether the program ought to be actualized in other jail networks around the United States (McAlinden, 2007). It is fascinating to take note of that the Washington Department of Correction’s program (otherwise called the Monroe Program) stresses an arrangement of affirmation and activity that isn' t unique from that of evidently effective projects, for example, AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) and others (Leon, 2011). As an element of this, the initial steps that are taken rotate around putting forth for the taking an interest person that they are liable for their activities (Ward, 2003). Thus, the program centers around showing the wrongdoers to comprehend and focus on those examples that at first prodded them to criminal conduct. When this data has been learned and acknowledged (again acknowledgment of duty and a pledge to work to learn perspectives, thinking aptitudes, practices that can help this training is a central idea of this re-direction) the program at that point proceeds onward to the natural ground that numerous restoration programs spread; that of showing new exchanges/specialties/or abilities to the detainee (Osborn, 2007). Moreover, the Monroe Program furthermore offers bunch treatment meetings that are concentric around the subjects of obligation, designs that work to direct the conduct, backslide anticipation, network re-coordination draws near, just as abilities and workforce preparing (Briggs, 2006). Moreover, with numerous wrongdoer recovery programs, the Monroe Program doesn't offer its medicines discount to sex guilty parties (Marshall, 2006). There are a rundown of rule that must be met before the course being advertised. These include: the guilty party more likely than not been indicted for a sex offense for his/her present or past term of imprisonment, the wrongdoer must consent to screen themselves and their condition to recognize changes demonstrating that their hazard to reoffend is expanding, the wrongdoer must consent to work to build up the aptitudes important to intercede, director, and decrease hazardous conduct, and the guilty party must chip in willingly under the conviction that the program can work to improve their hazard as it identifies with perpetrating violations of a sexual sort (MacKenzie, 2006). Be that as it may, t he consequences of the program represent themselves. Though numerous jail restoration programs have low re-offense rates, right now and past writing on the issue has regularly shown that sexual guilty parties are some way or another past recovery (Noles, 2008). This is anyway not what the consequences of Washington Department of Corrections Monroe Program shows. As indicated by the Washington Depart

Unemployment As An Indicator Of Macroeconomic Performance - Free Essay Example

The rate of unemployment is one of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance. Unemployment arises due to the distortions in the supply of labor cause by the non-competitive wage differential. During the period from 1945 until at least 1968, unemployment rates in the major European economies were extremely low by todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards. For instance in the United Kingdom, the average rate of unemployment for the entire period was about 1.8% of the labor force and in worst years it did not even exceed 2.5%. The main driving force was autonomous rather than policy related. These forces include waves of new products and processes, spread of trade and development around the world. However the cause of unemployment problem in Europe in comparison to the United States was their labor market institutions while the United States is far more superior due to the flexibility of their labor market. In this paper, determinants of unemployment in US are the concerns with economic growth as the main concern. Economic growth of a nation is the increase in a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s real output that occurs over time. In general, growth and unemployment are closely related as unemployment affects the growth rate through the scale of operation of an economy. Besides that, FDI inflow and inflation are taken into account altogether to identify the relationship towards the unemployment rate. 1.1 Background As unemployment is one of the most important economic indicators, the unemployment rate provides useful information such as how the labor market works as well as the percentage of human capital that is not used in the production process, which is especially crucial towards policy makers. Consequently, it is important to analyze the factors that impact the unemployment rate regardless short or long term perspective. The United States of America is a developed country which has one of the largest population and production in the world (Encyclopedia, 2010). As unemployment are explained by structural factors mainly by inflexible labor market. One may wonder the about the impact which economic growth, inflation and FDI have on the unemployment rate of the United States of America as the clutches of unemployment are hard to escape even for a develop country, especially for US which possesses by far the most flexible labor market. As a case study, the United States of America has been chosen as the research country. United States of America is reckoned to be particularly appropriate as United States of America labor market has proven by all accounts to be more dynamic in the sense of a higher level of job turnover, resulting in high vacancy levels at any point in time. Recently, unemployment rate in the United States of America has been found to be as high as 9.6% as of August 2010 compared to the 4. 1% ten years ago (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). In the mean time the real GDP growth in 2000 was at 4.14% when the unemployment rate was 4.1% while the real GDP growth in 2003 was at 2.49% when the unemployment rate was 5.8% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). From here, it can be seen that unemployment rate moves in the opposite direction of economic growth, yet there were different versions of results concluded by different previous researchers. 1.2 Problem Statement Unemployment has been a famous macroeconomic variable that researchers tend to use to study on but even with so many researches carried out, some of the results obtained are not consistent with one and another. For instance, the debates among Monetarist and Keynesian views of unemployment as well as the new contributions of Lucasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach and new Keynesian Economics shows that there was no reason to account for growth in the unemployment model. However, a significant innovation occurred with Pissaridesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(1990) formulation of an unemployment theory in equilibrium. In many previous attempts, he formalize a unique framework to study the labor market dynamic perspective, providing useful tools to analyze both long and short run unemployment. Pissarides also introduced a first link between long run unemployment and growth which matches the neoclassical framework of economic growth. ( Pissarides, 1990 Ch. II) In the case of US, its economy began its current economic recovery in December 2001. However, rather than experiencing employment growth, not only did the unemployment rate increase but the number of new jobs created in the economy actually declined significantly during the first year of the recovery (Seyfried). Thus this paper is conducted so as to affirm the relationship of economic growth has on the unemployment rate of the country. As some results obtained by past researchers showed that economic growth impacts unemployment whereas the others came to a conclusion that unemployment causes economic growth whereby the existence of Granger Causality relationship is quite possible. In this study, economic growth, inflation and FDI serves as explanatory variable to determine the relationship towards unemployment rate in the United States of America. 1.3 Objectives This study aims to investigate the determinants of unemployment rate in the United States of America with economic growth as the main concern in addition with inflation and FDI (foreign direct investment) to further assure that it is coherent with the results obtained from previous studies. 1.3.1 Specific objectives This paper aims to examine the relationship between economic growth, inflation and FDI towards the unemployment rate. On the other hand, this paper serves to probe further into the relationship between economic growth, FDI, and inflation towards unemployment to sustain the existence of granger causality relationship. 1.4 Significance of study The contribution of carrying out this study is to allow policy makers to have an insight of unemployment so as to allow them to decide on suitable policy that will help bring down the unemployment rate while sustaining appropriate inflation level and attract sufficient FDI inflow. The results generated will help provide insight to the nature of the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards unemployment. It would be useful to policy makers to know the rate and relationship of economic growth as it is necessary to reduce the unemployment rate, or at least keeping it from rising. Moreover, in previous studies, FDI is found to have impacted the unemployment rate indirectly through spillover effects from economic growth. In this study, however, FDI is incorporated directly to affect unemployment growth; therefore the effectiveness of the implemented policy will be taken into account more effectively. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Conceptual Model According to Alexopolous (2003), in the case where there is technological growth in the economy, families will increase their investment in capital, which in turn increase the amount of family purchased consumption workers receive over time. As a result, firms optimally increase the wage rate proportionately in order to prevent workers from shirking on the job. Therefore, the rate of unemployment along the balanced growth path will not change over time, since the marginal product of labour and the marginal cost of labour grow at the same rate. Based on De Groot, in general, growth and unemployment are intimately related for two reasons. Unemployment affects the scale of operation of the economy and thereby the growth rate. Growth affects inter-temporal decisions of workers about where to allocate on the labor market once they are laid off, and thereby it affects equilibrium unemployment. According to Brecher (2007), rapid economic growth and FDI, accompanied by higher per capita income, usually increase output growth. Thus, domestic firms and foreign multinational corporations will demand more labour force with skills to create products. Hence, economic growth can promote future employment growth for labour force based on new Keynesian theory of the output-inflation tradeoff. Some studies found that overseas investment replaced domestic employment in developing countries; however, the same result did not happen in developed countries. Tremblay (2007) pointed out that based on classical economic theory, the Phillips Curve illustrated long-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment, that is saying inflation will rise when unemployment decrease and vice-versa. Futhermore, Luciano Fanti and Piero Manfredi (2003) mention that the neoclassical Solow model, which still provides excellent econometric fits and shows a globally stable positive growth equilibrium, but also shows two restrictive features as regards the scope of this paper: (1) it does not take into account the stylized fact of the existence of unemployment, which is generally not only positive but also strongly fluctuating; (2) in such a model fluctuations have never been endogenously determined Meanwhile, Martin Zagler (2006) noticed that the cost associated with economic growth is structural unemployment, as structural change destroys jobs in one firm and creates jobs in another. The source of unemployment is the rate of intra-sector structural change associated with faster economic growth. Besides, Bonatti (2007) says that an increase of the workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ influence on the political process may raise the fraction of GDP allocated to finance the welfare state, thus leading to a higher unemployment rate and to a lower growth rate. The research work done by Chang (2007) noticed that when the degree of trade openness of Taiwan is larger, the unemployment rate of Taiwan will increase, this is because the young men and young women in Taiwan desire to extend their education in working age. According to Phillips (1998), the negative relationship between inflation and unemployment can be explained through governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expansionary policy to increase the consumption level of the citizens. As labor market tightens, unemployment rate will fall as money wages tended to rise more rapidly. Unemployment will then increase as government tries to control the inflation rate. This is because the increment in wages is closely related with the increase in price. Therefore, the trade-off between these two variables can be seen. 2.2 Methodology Effects panel regression methods were used by Zagler (2006) on the relationship between economic growth and unemployment. Moreover, Zagler (2006) checked his estimated model with the unit-root test to test the stationary of the model. In order to obtain information about the relationship between inflation and unemployment, the procedure of den Hann was employed by Bae (2006), which has the advantage as no assumptions about the order of integration in the variables of interest is required. The procedure estimates a vector regressions (VAR) model and analyzes the correlations of VAR forecast errors of inflation and unemployment at long horizons. Chang (2007) used vector autoregression method of variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis are applied to analyze various relationships among foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, unemployment and degree of openness in Taiwan. Besides that, he also uses the unit root test of augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF and KPSS) test to examine the stationary properties of the economic time series. The appropriate lag-length in the ADF regression is selected by minimizing the Akaikeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information criterion (AIC). He also uses co-integration test to determine whether there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship among variables and weak exogeneity, and multivariate Granger-causality test to determine their causal direction in the short-run between all variables. Besides, he also has applied the VAR technique of variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis to analyze various inter-relationships between FDI, unemployment rate and GDP variables in the case of Taiwan from the period of 1981 to 2003. Meanwhile, Eric Heyer, FrÃÆ' ©dÃÆ' ©ric ReynÃÆ' ¨s, Henri Sterdyniak (2006) present the results of the DF-GLS unit root test to test the growth rate of consumer price and also unemployment rate. 2.3 Empirical Result Zagler (2006) has carried out a research which empirically investigated the link between economic growth and unemployment, using micro econometric evidence for the United Kingdom. The results generated showed a significant and negative relationship between unemployment and economic growth. According to the result generated by Muscatelli and Tirelli (2001), it is proven that there is a negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment as Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Canada. This result is generally in favour of those theories which predict a negative linkage between unemployment on economioc growth Besides, Pehkonen (2000) stated that a fall in GDP has significant relationship with unemployment as a drop in the GDP in Finland leads to an increase in the unemployment since demand for labor have shrunk. Therefore, Pehkonen (2000) concluded that unemployment would increase as a result of a decrease in economic growth. Meanwhile, Mitra and Sato (2007) found that the major links between external scale economies and growth are perceived in terms of technical efficiency, and higher growth is taken to reduce the unemployment rate. Futhermore, Scahaik and Groot (1998) found that the unemployment and economic growth relationship in imperfect competition economy and different periods, where structural changes occur, has a negative correlation and effect of different degrees through testing the structural stability. Chang (2007) proved that economic growth as well as FDI have negative effects on unemployment as FDI are expected to generate economic growth by encouraging the expansion of trade and foreign investment. In addition, according to Solowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth theory, employment for labour force with skill can further promote economic growth and this can be verified by Taiwanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy model. Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law stating that reducing unemployment for labour force can promote further economic growth is then verified. Furthermore, unemployment is very sensitive to changes in GDP and vice versa, which does lend support that rising economic growth can obviously affect unemployment for labour force. shock of unemployment rate has negative effect on economic growth . He also mentions that the shocks in economic growth and FDI inflow decrease the unemployment rate. This means that rapid economic growth and FDI inflow, accompanied by higher per capita income can pro mote future employment growth for labour force. In the research study of Meckl (2001), correlation between growth and unemployment is shown to be positive if the research sector is of the high-wage sector in the economy, and negative if the research sector is the low-wage sector. Arico (2003) has already observed that the rate of growth is negatively related with the rate of unemployment. If the growth rate increases, it will decrease the net rate at which the stream of profits is discounted. For each firm the entry will result less costly. More vacancies will be created, reducing the unemployment rate. (Capitalization effect).On the other hands, It will reduce the life-time of each firm, by increasing the price for human capital. Each innovation will generate fewer vacancies than before. That will be reflected in an increase of the rate of unemployment. (Indirect creative destruction effect). Besides, Fanti and Manfredi (2003) has shown a negative relation between unemployment and growth , though we should also mention the positive relation between unemployment and growth obtained in the particular à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"creativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ disruption context according to Schumpeterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea. Fanti and Manfredi alsomshows a surprising relation between unemployment and growth (via effects on population which is an endogenous engine of growth): this relation can be either positive or negative depending on the relative levels of cost of childrearing of workers and unemployed persons and the level of unemployment benefits. Meanwhile, Bonatti (2007) noticed that reduction of government transfers in favor of the workers allows decreasing the ratio of total tax revenues to GDP, thus monotonically increasing the growth rate and leading to a lower unemployment rate. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Data Analysis 3.1.1 Unemployment Rate In this study, unemployment rate is the main study which was examine by using some explanatory variables. According to BLS, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2009) those people who are with jobs can be considered as employed. On the other hand, a person will be classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Dixon Shepherd (2002) stated that the unemployment rate can be considered as one of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance in a country. The data of unemployment rate is obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which if measured in percentage from those people who are 16 years old and above from year 1970 to 2007. The method which BLS used to calculate the unemployment rate in United States is: X 100% 3.1.2 Real Gross Domestic Product Real gross domestic product (Real GDP) in a country can be measured by the total output value of goods and services which produced from the domestic labor in the country in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. In this study, it is expected that there is a negative relationship between the Real GDP and unemployment rate in United States. The source of the United States Real GDP data is from the World Bank World Development Indicators and International Financial Statistics of the IMF. On the other hand, the data obtained was converted to a 2005 base year. The formula to calculate the data of United States Real GDP is as below: 3.1.3 Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a kind of investment which is made to serve the business interest of the investor in a company which is in a different nation distinct from the investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s country of origin. An example of FDI is a foreign company comes into a country to build or buy a factory and run a business there. Many economists believe that FDI is good for an economy, because it provides domestic job opportunities and increase domestic capital. In this study, net inflows of foreign direct investment in the measurement of current US Dollar are used. A net inflow of foreign direct investment is the total amount or value of the investment flow into United States from foreign investors to operate their business in United States and negative relationship between foreign direct investment and unemployment rate is expected in United States. 3.1.4 Consumer Price Index Consumer price index (CPI) is measured that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services in a country, such as transportation, food, rental fees and utilities fees. CPI is one of the measurements of inflation rate. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 87 urban areas in United States from about 23,000 retail and services establishments. The CPI data used in this study included all consumer items in United States from year 1970 to 2007. 3.2 Research Framework 3.2.1 Unemployment rate and Real Gross Domestic Product Based on the study, unemployment and real gross domestic product is expected to be negatively related. Edward (2007) stated there is a negative relationship between real gross domestic product and unemployment because of the theory of Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law. According to Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law, 1% increase in the unemployment rate will decrease GDP by 3%. However, Christopher (2010) said that, Okun coefficients can change over time because the relationship of unemployment to output growth depends on laws, technology, preferences, social customs, and demographics. 3.2.2 Unemployment and Consumer Price Index Consumer price index is one of the most frequently used  statistics for identifying periods of inflation or deflation. This is  because large rises in CPI during a short period of time typically denote periods of inflation. Therefore, we expect that there is an inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and rate of inflation. According to the Phillips Curve theory, if the unemployment is high, inflation tends to be low. The diagram below shows the Phillips curve. Inflation Phillips curve Unemployment However, the result shows a positive relationship in our regression model. This problem will occur because of the multicolinearity problem in our regression model. But when one independent variable by one independent variable with the unemployment is tested, negative sign for consumer price index and unemployment are obtained. Bae (2006) stated that there is a positive long run relationship between unemployment and inflation. 3.2.3 Unemployment and Foreign Direct Investment In this study, inflow of foreign direct investment were expected to affect the unemployment rate significantly and expected that foreign direct investment has a negative long run relationship with unemployment. Foreign direct investment will increase job opportunities so, unemployment rate will decrease. Shu (2007) stated that FDI have negative effects on unemployment as FDI are expected to generate economic growth by encouraging the expansion of trade and foreign investment. 3.3 Econometric Methodology 3.3.1 Introduction This chapter consist the used of the method to examining the relationship between the unemployment and economic condition in United State by using the time series data ranging from the year 1970 to 2007. First, the result testing will start with the test of stationary by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and proceed with the cointegration test. Secondly, the Multiple Regression Analysis and several ways to detect the assumption of the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM). The multicollinearity is used to test the correlation analysis. Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test is used to test the existence of serial autocorrelation, Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test is used for testing the heteroscedasticity variance of error of the model and Ramsey RESET Test is used to detect the linearity regression and misspecification error. Unemployment = f (RGDP, FDI, CPI) RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product FDI = Foreign Direct Investment CPI = Consumer Price Index The change in unemployment is our main study that we want to examine with using a few of variables which are RGDP (Real Gross Domestic Product), FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and CPI (Consumer Price Index). y = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1Ln (RGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3 (FDI) + Econometric Model with Expected Sign: = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1L (RGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3(FDI) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) Where +ve indicates that there is a postive relationship between the explanatory variable and dependent variable. On the other hand, -ve indicates that there is a negative relationship between the explanatory variable and dependent variable 3.3.2 Unit root A unit root test is used to examine whether a time series variable is stationary. In the model, T-statistic, F-statistic and R-squared are used to determine to ensure the validity of the test statistics is stationary. The result will become spurious regression problem if the non-stationary series in the ordinary least square (OLS) regression is used. Spurious regression result in high significant T-statistic and highly value for the coefficient of determination R-squared, and the R-square is larger than Durbin Watson. Therefore, if the stationary does not hold, estimate is not consistent and result will be misleading. To avoid the spurious regression problem, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) is used to examine the stationary of the variable. An Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) is used to test for a unit root in a time series sample. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) statistic used in the test is a negative number. Therefore, the more negative value is, more power the rejection of the hypothesis that there is a unit root at some level of confidence. The equation for Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test Where ÃŽÂ ± is a constant, ÃŽÂ ² is the coefficient on a time trend and p is the lag order of the autoregressive process. ÃŽÂ ± = 0 and ÃŽÂ ² = 0 corresponds to modeling a random walk and ÃŽÂ ² = 0 corresponds to modeling a random walk drift. By including lags of the order p, the ADF formulation allows for higher-order autoregressive processes. This means that the lag length p needs to be determined when applying in the test. One possible approach is to test from high orders and examine the t-value on coefficients. The criterion such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Schwarz-Bayesian information criterion (SBIC) or the Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQIC) test is used to examine the lag length. 3.3.3 Granger Causality The Granger Causality test indicates that a time series Y is said to be Granger caused by X if X helps the prediction of Y or equivalently if the coefficients on the lagged X are statistically significant. Granger Causality shows two-way causation in the case. X Granger causes Y and Y Granger causes X. It usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X and lagged values of Y. 3.3.4 Multiple Regressions The ordinary least squares (OLS) or linear least squares are a method to examine the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. It is used to assume the distribance, ui. According to Gujarati (2003), ui stands for the normal distribution representing zero mean and constant variance, à Ã†â€™2 in the multiple regression models. With the normality assumption, OLS estimators 1, and 2 are linear functions of ui. Therefore, if ui are normally distributed, so 1,and 2 will make hypothesis testing more straightforward. OLS estimators of the partial regression coefficients are identical with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators. There are the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE). Besides, the least-square estimators are best unbiased estimators (BUE); it means that they have minimum variance in the entire class of unbiased estimators. 3.3.5 Multicollinearity Multicollinearity shows the two or more independent variables in a multiple regression model are highly linearly related. The multicollinearity test is perfect if the correlation between two independent variables is equal to 1 or -1. Multicollinearity will occur when there is a strong linear relationship among two or more independent variables. The equation below is refer the variables is perfectly multicollinear if there exist one or more exact linear relationships among some of the variables. Estimates for the parameters of the multiple regression equation is The ordinary least squares estimates include inverting the matrix XTX where, It indicate that if the linear relationship (perfect multicollinearity) is exactly with the independent variables, the rank of X is less than k+1 and the matrix XTX will not invertible. One of the detection of multicollinearity is used detection-tolerance or the variance inflation factor (VIF) for multicollinearity where R2j is the coefficient of determination of a regression of explanatory j on all the other explanators. Tolerances of less than 0.20 or 0.10 or a VIF of 5 or 10 and above reveal a multicollinearity problem. 3.3.6 Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test is a test of autocorrelation that is basically allows for nonstochastic regressors such as the lagged values of the regressand; higher-order autoregressive schemes such as AR (1), AR (2), etc and higher-order moving averages of white noise error terms such as t. Two variable regression models to illustrate the test, regressors can be added to the model and also lagged values of the regressand can be added to the model. Yt =ÃŽÂ ²1 +ÃŽÂ ²2Xt +ut The error term ut assume that the pth-order autoregressive, AR (p), Ut = ptut-1 + ptut-2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+pput-p + t. where t.is a white noise error term. The null hypothesis H0 can be show as Ho: p1 = p2 = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ = pp = 0 (no autocorrelation) At 5% significant level, if the computed p value of Chi-square is less than Chi-square tests, do not reject the null hypothesis, meaning that there is no autocorrelation problem. If computed p value of Chi-square is more than Chi-square tests, reject the null hypothesis, meaning that there is autocorrelation problem. 3.3.7 Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test In econometrics, Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model assume that the variance of the current error term is related to the previos one. Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model is used to model the time series with time-varying volatility such as stock price. 3.3.8 Specification error Ramsey Regression Equation Specification Error Test (Ramsey RESET test) is used to examine the specification error. The specification test for the linear regression model. More specifically, it is used to test the specification error in the equation. As the result, if the non-linear combinations of the independent variables have any power in explaining the dependent variable, means that the model is mis-specified. Consider the model Ã…Â · = E {y | à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ } = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ The Ramsey test is used to test whether the (ÃŽÂ ²1à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)2, (ÃŽÂ ²2à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,(ÃŽÂ ²k-1à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)k has any power in explaining y. The Ramsey test is executed by calculate the following linear regression Ã…Â · = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ + ÃŽÂ ²1Ã…Â ·2 +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+ ÃŽÂ ²k-1Ã…Â ·k + ÃŽÂ µ After examine the test, the means of the F-test is to determine whether ÃŽÂ ²1 through ÃŽÂ ²k-1 are zero. If the null hypothesis reveals that all regression coefficients are zero, means that the null hypothesis cannot be reject, the Ramsey test is unable to detect any misspecification. If the null hypothesis is rejected, means that the model is misspecification. 3.3.9 Jarque-Bera Test of Normality Jarque-Bera test of normality is used to test the normally distributed. It is large-sample or an asymptotic test and based on the OLS. The test first calculates the skewness and kurtosis measures of the OLS residuals. JB = n Where the n = sample size, S = skewness coefficient, and K = kurtosis coefficient. The normally distributed variable, S is zero and K is three. Hence, the Jarque-Bera test of normality is a test of the joint hypothesis that S and K are zero and three, respectively. Therefore, the value of the Jaque-Bera statistic is expected to be zero. For the null hypothesis the residual is normally distributed, asymptotically (i.e., in large samples) the Jarque-Bera statistic gives the chi-square distribution with two degree of freedom showed by Jarque and Bera (Gujarati 2003) For the alternative hypothesis the residual is not normally distributed. At 5 significant levels, computed p value is less than Jarque-Bera statistic, we can reject the null hypothesis that the residual is not normally distributed whereas computed p value is more than Jarque-Bera statistic, we do not reject the null hypothesis that the residual is normally distributed. CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction This chapter consists of the results and interpretation of the relationship between the unemployment rate and the economic condition in United State. First of all, this chapter will consist of the results from the unit root test and cointegration test. Next, the the estimated regression model results and interpretation will be shown by using ordinary least square (OLS) method on the second part of this chapter. Besides that, multicollineartity, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity and misspecification errors will also be tested. 4.2 Stationary Test Table 1 below showed that the stationarity results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test. In examining the stationary, Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test has been used in executing the stationary test for all variables to test the level and first different. The results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test are presented in Table 1 which includes test constant and linear trend. H0: p = 0 (the variable is non stationary or a unit root process) H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (the variable is stationary or non unit root process) Table 1: Results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test (level) Level ________________________________________________________________________ Constant Variables Trend and Intercept ________________________________________________________________________ UN -4.004066** LNRGDP -4.25111*** CPI -3.711698** FDI -3.878565** ________________________________________________________________________ First Different ________________________________________________________________________ Constant Variables Trent and Intercept ________________________________________________________________________ UN -5.051320*** LNRGDP -4.894707*** CPI -4.473139*** FDI -5.388260*** ________________________________________________________________________ Notes: ***, **, * denotes the rejection of the null hypothesis at 1%, 5% and 10% of significance levels, the null of hypothesis of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is the existence of unit root. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test includes a constant and linear trend of this result has shown in table 1 above. According to the result above which we tested, it shows that, all variables used are achieving the stationary at level and then the first difference. Therefore, it can proceed to cointegration test which is to examine the short run and long run relationship of variables used. Cointegration test Table 2: Cointegration Test (Short Run Relationship) Dependent Variables à ¯? ² UN à ¯? ² LRGDP à ¯? ² CPI à ¯? ² FDI ________________________________________________________________________ à ¯? ² UN 2.516837 5.714336 *** 7.519445*** à ¯? ² LRGDP 0.224436 5.7667463*** 8.95123** à ¯? ² CPI 0.139868 1.148525 1.930135 à ¯? ² FDI 0.187126 0.024194 0.461171 ________________________________________________________________________ Note: The asterisks indicate the following levels of significant: ***, **, * denotes 1%, 5% and 10% The figure in Table 2 with *** shows that there are granger causality between dependent variable and independent variable. In the short run, do not reject the null alternatives means that independent variables will not cause the dependent variable. 4.4 Multiple regression model analysis and interpretation Based on this study, the time series data consists of thirty-eight observations, ranging from the year 1970 to 2007. The Unemployment (UN) is the dependent variable; Ln Real Gross Domestic Product (LNGDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are used as the independent variables in the regression to examining the impacts on the unemployment. Ordinary least square (OLS) method is used in this paper. The model estimated is as follows: Unt = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1 (LNRGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3 (FDI) + ÃŽÂ µt Unemployment = 143.5731 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 16.77569Ln (RGDP) + 0.107573(CPI) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.00000707 (FDI) The OLS regression gives the following output: Table 3: OLS results Dependent variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Unemployment ________________________________________________________________________ Variable Coefficient Standard. Error t-Statistic Probability ________________________________________________________________________ LNRGDP -16.77569 4.231093 -3.964859*** 0.0004 CPI 0.107573 0.026539 4.053451*** 0.0003 FDI -0.00000707 0.00000294 -2.406591*** 0.0217 C 143.5731 34.56874 4.153265*** 0.0000 ________________________________________________________________________ Notes: LNRGDP = Ln Real Gross Domestic Product, CPI = Consumer Price Index, FDI = Foreign Direct Investment; n = 38 observations. ***, **, * denotes 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. R-square = 0.604516, Adjusted R-square = 0.569620, F-statistic = 17.32350, Prob(F-statistic) = 0.0000 and Durbin-Watson statistic = 0.581446 Table 3 above shows that the result of an OLS regression of the unemployment with the independent variables (i.e. Real Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Price Index and Foreign Direct Investment). From the regression output, all independent variables have the sign consistent with the empirical evidence provided by previous researchers. LRGDP and FDI have negative sign, indicating a negative relationship with unemployment. It is exactly same with the expected sign mentioned in previous chapter. However, CPI has a positive sign against unemployment, which indicate a positive relationship with unemployment rate, where an increase in the consumer price index will stimulate unemployment. The result of t-test for each independent variable shows that all independent variables are significant at all significant level except for foreign direct investment which only significant at the 5% and 10% significant level and hence, rejects the null hypothesis. Besides that, the goodness of fit for the model is very high, as shown by the high R2 value, which is 0.65. It shows that 60.5% of the variation in the unemployment can be affected or explained by the variation in all the independent variables. Moreover, the probability of F-statistic is significant at 1% level. Thus, reject null hypothesis for F-test. This result proves that at least one independent variable is important in explaining the unemployment. 4. 5 Assumption test The model is tested by adopting a few tests to check for econometric problems. There are multicollinearity, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and misspecification error. Multicollinearity is used to test the correlation analysis. Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test is used to test the existence of serial correlation, Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test is used for testing the heteroscedasticity variance of error of the model and Ramsey RESET Test is used to test the linearity and misspecification error. Table 3: Diagnostic Checking ________________________________________________________________________ Diagnostic Checking Result ________________________________________________________________________ Multicollinearity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Correlation Analysis CorrelationCPI, LNRGDP = 0.993480 R2CPI,LNRGDP = 0.987003 VIF = = = 76.9408 10 multicollinearity Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test 23.90080 Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test 14.12470 Ramsey RESET Test à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mispecification error Test 16.15903 Jacque-bere Normality Test 1.469958 Probability (0.479515) ________________________________________________________________________ The hypothesis, statistics and results for each test is summarized in table 3. There is high correlation between consumer price index and real gross domestic product. The figure of variance inflation factor (VIF) for these two variables as calculated in the table is more than 10, which means that the multicollinearity problem is serious. In order to solve the multicollinearity problem, either one of the correlated independent variables has to be dropped. The second solution is to obtain more data to produce more parameter estimates with the lower standard errors such as the formula of variance inflation factor for the variance of the estimate of a regression coefficient in terms of the degree of multicollinearity and the sample size. Besides that, the model has passes the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test and Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test at 5% significant level. It showed that there is no autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity problem. Ramsey RESET test suggests that the model is adequately specified while ARCH test fail to detect the heteroscedasticity problem. Jacque-bera normality test indicates that the error term is normally distributed. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of Finding The main objective of this study is to understand more of the full impact of short run economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards the unemployment rate in the United States of America. In order to achieve the objective of this study, which is to examine the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards the unemployment rate, unit root test, granger causality, multiply regression(OLS), multicollinearity, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test shows that economic growth and FDI is negatively related to the rate of unemployment, while inflation is positively related. This implies that sustainable economic growth and inflow of FDI would reflect a low short run unemployment rate in the country. However a high inflation would increases the unemployment rate as it is positively correlated. Meanwhile FDI and inflation has causal relationship among each other. Lastly, the co-integration test used has proven that t he impacts of economic growth, inflation and FDI towards unemployment are only apparent in the short run. 5.2 Policy Implication and recommendations The result from this study shows that all the independent variable (i.e economic growth, inflation, FDI) significantly impacts the rate of unemployment. There is also causality among inflation and economic growth. Since this study has proven that both inflation and FDI has positive relationship towards unemployment and causality relationship among inflation and FDI. Therefore, policy maker should control both inflation and FDI at an appropriate and satisfactory level hand-in-hand, rather than individually, so as to keep both balanced to sustain low rate of unemployment. Besides, it is important for a country to sustain healthy economic growth since it helps to reduce unemployment as there is a negative relationship between these two variables. In other words, an increase in economic growth will lead to a decrease in unemployment. Moreover, the results proved that FDI has positive impact on reducing unemployment, which means that the more inflow of FDI, the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job opportunity will be abundant thus unemployment will decrease due to more influx of FDI. Policy makers should recognize that circumstances and implement suitable policies which will impede FDI for example by reducing trade barriers such as tariff and quotas. By doing so, the country is able to attract more foreign FDI, which would then help lower the unemployment rate. 5.3 Limitation In this study, data availability is the limitation in completing the study to produce a more precise and reliable result. The time period before 1970s data for the independent variables could not be obtained to provide larger sample size. The expected sign for inflation which is negatively related to the rate of unemployment was proven to be positively related in this study instead. Due to estimation model, expected results for inflation are not obtained. 5.4 Further Studies In this study, the main finding is to examine how economic growth, inflation and FDI impact the unemployment rate in the short run. Future researchers could estimate the full impact of economic growth, inflation and FDI towards the rate of unemployment in the long run. Thus, policy makers are able to create a more appropriate policy which doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t only work in the short run but in the long run of a certain country. Therefore studies of solutions and improvement towards old policies can be made to maintained sustainable low rate of unemployment while not paying the price by sacrificing higher inflation, lower economic growth and decrease in FDI inflows towards the country. The collection of more data preferably from after post world war II would generate more precise results. Last but not least, future researchers might want to consider adding more independent variables in their estimation model so as to strengthen their result.

Adhd Alternative Approaches For Disruptive Behavior Essay

ADHD: Alternative Approaches to Disruptive Behavior Conrad Landis Middle Tennessee State University This review intends to shed light on the potential overdiagnosis, over medicalization, and various behavior modification approaches to ADHD. Emphasis is placed on the impact of assessment by physicians as well as mindfulness to the idea of doing no harm. Evidence shows that behavior therapy is recommended as the first line of defense thus supporting the theory that disruptive behavior can be effectively treated when utilizing appropriate parent/child development strategies. ADHD: Alternative Approaches to Disruptive Behavior Controversy continues to surround a disorder which tends to classify vast numbers of unruly children as abnormal. It is officially recognized as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in the fifth publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The National Institute of Health (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, n.d.) states, â€Å"For a person to receive a diagnosis of ADHD, the symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity must be chronic or long-lasting, impair the person’s functioning, and cause the person to fall behind normal development for his or her age.† Although this statement attempts to define criteria necessary for a possible diagnosis, much is left to be questioned about the nature of assessment, prescription, and potential behavior modification strategies.Show MoreRelatedRad Is An 11 Year Old Male Student With Parental Instability And Documented Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd857 Wo rds   |  4 PagesHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). After reviewing Rad’s records from previous schools, I learned Rad often missed school or skipped school. Even though Rad was disruptive and often inattentive, I could see he was smarter than his records indicated. Though Rad’s father and his record states he’d been diagnosed with ADHD, even with medication he often displayed significant difficulties with poor attention, impulsivity and overactive/inappropriate behaviors. Though having ADHD was a contributing factorRead MoreAdhd And Its Effects On Children1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen many studies on ADHD including showing that it actually has a hereditary gene to it. According to Chris Chandler, â€Å"Some have argued that ADHD may have an adaptive function to past environments [187]. However we are not just an expression of our genes; the development of behavior is seen as a product of interactions between genetics, the environment, and perception.† T his is an interesting view point because there have been several accounts of people saying they developed ADHD because their parentsRead MoreWhat Are the Effects of Adhd in the Classroom?5060 Words   |  21 Pageseducational need: ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and most distressing disorders amongst school-age children, yet it is probably one of the least well understood. It has received a lot of awareness mainly because of the large numbers of children receiving drug treatment for the disorder. Where children have behavioural problems and parents are finding it hard to manage, it is expected that they will turn to teachers for guidance and help. ADHD can drasticallyRead MoreA Case Study for Adhd Students4596 Words   |  19 PagesA Case Study for ADHD Students Peter John Bakas January 17th, 2011 As in any situation with any student that is special or gifted or that IDEA, IEP, and 504 Plans, have to be the first and foremost concern for all parties involved. â€Å"Education For All Handicapped Children Act Passed in 1975 Guaranteed and enforced the right of all children with disabilities to receive free and appropriate education Considered the foundation of special education in the United States; 1990- Law renamed to IDEA. WhatRead MoreThe Negative Consequences of Discipline1836 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitutionality of applying punitive disciplinary measures to students, seeing that expulsions and suspensions prohibit and limit student access to education. Consequently, micro-level disciplinary alternatives have been developed, which aim to rehabilitate â€Å"offenders† rather than punish them. These alternatives offer a balance between discipline and the risk of overcriminalization, and include counseling, anger management sessions, victim-offender mediation, and peer judiciaries. One central questionRead MoreAssesing the Curriculum for Special Education2198 Words   |  9 Pageshyperactivity disorder or ADHD, who often experience poor academic performance, behavior problems, and difficulties with social interaction. The situation can be further complicated by the fact that there is no typical, predictable classroom style common to all children with special needs, for that matter. It can also be hard for parents to tell how much of any problem identified by a teacher falls into the normal range of a child development, for example how much is due to ADHD, and how much is due toRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: To Medicate or Not to Medicate?2369 Words   |  10 Pagesas Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is no different. ADHD is a behavioral disorder commonly diagnosed in school-aged children ages 5-17 years old about 8% to 10% of that population (Kidshealth.org), which is 4.5 million children have ever been diagnosed with ADHD (Blo om Cohen, 2006 p.5). The brains of these children work differently. Not allowing for them to focus on tasks considered by most as boring or routine. A person living with ADHD is characterized as having chronic difficultiesRead MoreThe Importance of Teacher’s Part in the Disruptive Behavior in the Classroom8656 Words   |  35 PagesThe Importance of Teacher’s Part In the Disruptive Behavior In the Classroom Prepared by Aclan, Olga Enriquez, Zarah Mae Salazar, Aprilyn Prepared to: Mrs. Rose Mae Ann LUmanglas Instructress Table of Contents I. Introduction a. Statement of the Problem b. Significance of the Study II. Body a. Conceptual Literature b. Research Literature III. Summary and Recommendation IV. Bibliography a. Books b. Journals c. Unpublished Materials d. WebRead MoreThe Classification System Of Mental Health Disorders2431 Words   |  10 Pagesarbitrary is due to the attempt to define abnormality in terms of normality, when even the line between those two states is not clearly defined (Hersen Beidel, 2012; Mash Barkley, 2003; Widiger Clark, 2000; Widiger, Trull, 2007). Dimensional Approaches Accumulating scientific evidence has revealed that a dimensional approach would more accurately capture the nature of mental health disorders. In addition, research shows that dimensionality exists between disorders, reflecting shared underlyingRead More The Identifying Factors in the Development of Aggression and Violence in Youth Today3982 Words   |  16 Pagesof aggressive and antisocial behavior from early childhood to adolescence and into adulthood. Prospective longitudinal and intervention studies have identified major correlates for the initiation, escalation, continuation, and cessation of serious violent offending. Many studies indicate that a single factor or a single defining situation does not cause child and adolescent antisocial behavior. Rather, multiple factors contribute to and shape antisocial behavior over the course of development

Three branches of government - 1113 Words

ABSTRACT The components of the constitution are the framework for our country, and all function to give our government structure. The judicial, legislative, and executive branches are all key components that make up our government, acting independently from the others, and allowing for checks and balances in order to prevent misuse of power. Federalism affects how our government is run, and especially the criminal justice system. Within our criminal justice system the main components are law enforcement, criminal courts, civil courts, and corrections. Federal Government Criminal Justice System The United States federal government is made up of three branches, which all serve different purpose but†¦show more content†¦Federalism is important so that there can be a set of checks and balances over the states, and so that people can appeal to a higher court if necessary. Criminal Justice System There are many components of the criminal justice system and roles that each department have. The first component is law enforcement, which are first responders, and typically the first to show up to a reported crime scene. It is their jobs to enforce the laws of the land, help prevent crimes by policing, and arrest those suspected of committing crimes (OTHER. Once a person is arrested, they enter into the criminal court system. The court system is made up of defense and prosecuting attorneys, as well as judges and juries. Criminal courts are separated into state and federal, and depending on the crime, the accused will tried at either one. The court system is an important part of due process, where someone is innocent until proven guilty in the court of law. Judges determine whether or not to let the defendant post bond, and can also issue warrants which will allow police officers to arrest suspects (Volkomer, 2011). Those accused have a chance to present their case and be heard. If the defendant is found guilty, they will be given their sentence in court and turned over to corrections. Not all court proceedings are criminal, legal proceedings can also be civil (Davenport, 2012). Civil courts deal with cases where a person files a complaint against the person being sued, whichShow MoreRelatedThree Branches of Government1117 Words   |  5 PagesThree Branches of the Federal Government In May 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states, Rhode Island declined, met in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. The purpose of the convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, but what occurred was the writing of the U.S. Constitution. George Washington was unanimously elected as President of the Convention. After four months of deliberations Gouveneur Morris submitted the final draft and 39 of the 55 delegate present signed the ConstitutionRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of Government The government of the United States of America is a federal constitutional republic. In layman s terms, this means that the country s national, central government and the smaller, unitary governments of the fifty states are co-equal in their power, and that the citizens of America have a say in public policies by electing representatives who voice their respective opinions. More importantly, both the central government and the state governments areRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government725 Words   |  3 PagesBranches of Government The United States Government has three branches, legislative power, executive power, and judicial power. The founders of a division of power did not want all the power to be centralized in a monarch or anyone else, so they divided the legal authority into the three branches. Legislative power creates new laws, the constitution gives this power to congress, which is made up of the senate and the house of representatives. Executive power gives the authority to enforce laws,Read MoreThe Three Branches of Government1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of U.S. Government The leaders at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 desired an unbiased, fair government. They believed they could keep a strong yet non-oppressive government form by creating three divided branches. The branches are the legislative, judicial and executive branches. The legislative branch is led by Congress which is split up into the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch is fronted by the Supreme Court. The executive branch is headedRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1139 Words   |  5 Pages When the founders were creating the Constitution for the new nation they wanted to keep the freedoms of the United States but wanted to have a strong government. They thought the best way to get a strong government but to keep the people’s rights were to create the three branches of government. The three branches of government are Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branch. Legislative makes laws, Executive enforces the laws, and the Judicial branch e xplains the laws. Know we will key on the LegislativeRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Branches of Government In the beginning the United States was based upon the Articles of Confederation where the national government consisted of only one legislative body. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government had very limited powers and because of that problems began to emerge. States were now conducting their own foreign trade negotiations, printing their own money, and organizing their own armed forces violating the national law. Because of this a groupRead MoreThe Three Branches Of The Government1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Three Branches of the Government The Government has three branches for law making. When a law is being created, it starts at the Legislative, and then gets passed to the Executive branch, then to the Judicial branch. Each branch has their own area of the law that they look at. In the end, it is decided if the law will be issued to the people. When the law is being created, it starts at the Legislative branch. In the branch, Congress is made up of two houses, the Senate and the House of RepresentativesRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Government Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pages The Three Branches of Government In 1787 the leaders of the united states gathered to write the constitution which they also divided into three branches to ensure a central government in which no group or individual gains too much control. The three branches consists on the following Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Legislative branch rejects or confirms presidential appointments, and also has the authority to declareRead MoreThe Three Branches Of Federal Government1290 Words   |  6 Pagesordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.† The Constitution is the framework of our government, containing seven articles. The first three describe the three branches of Federal government which are legislative, judicial, and executive. The second three outline the rights and responsibilities of state governments and in relation to the Federal government. Lastly, the seventh article establishes the procedure used by the thir teen states to ratify it. These powerful wordsRead MoreEssay on Three Branches of Government725 Words   |  3 Pages Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1 Branches of Government Create a flowchart of the three branches of government and associate two (2) Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) clauses for each branch of government. Designate the relationships among the governmental branches. In an accompanying document, exemplify the types of powers of each branch of government and include these items: * Taxing and spending powers * Limits on both federal

Rhetorical Analysis of Homelessness free essay sample

The author, Barbara Duffield, Policy Director for National Association for the education of homeless children and youth, writes for CQ Researcher the article â€Å"Should federal agencies use the same definitions of homelessness? † Duffield aims to substantiate that federal agencies, using different definitions of the law create complications. That clear guidelines need defined for establishing what is best for families and youth found in a homeless situation. Justification for changing the definition of homelessness is provided in this article by Duffield using ethos to prove creditability with homelessness, logos to support why she believes in modifying the definition and pathos to create empathy the with the readers on effects of homelessness. Duffield proves ethos in the article by quoting Federal law, The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) criteria, and her professional credentials on the issues of homeless. According to HUD in the article it â€Å"†¦bases peoples eligibility on where they happen to find refuge: with very few exceptions, HUD limits homeless assistance to people who are on the street or are fortunate enough to have found a shelter bed. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Homelessness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (2013, para. 2) and â€Å"Under federal law, public schools, Head Start programs, and runaway-youth programs include families and youths in these living situations in their definition of homelessness. † (2013, para. 4). In her article, Duffield uses regulations quoted from different agencies to show the inherent conflict in these separate definitions. By examining how these laws, affect homeless individuals she then suggestions how federal laws need to change. Duffield is the Policy Director of the National Association for the education of homeless children and youth, dealing with the homeless on a daily occurrence allows her to see the illogical scenario’s these differences can create. By her use of ethos, Duffield establishes her credibility regarding the homeless issues. Duffield uses logos to show why she believes that all federal agencies should use the same definitions for homelessness. The use of research in the article shows â€Å"†¦brain development makes clear that adverse experiences in childhood can have lifelong impacts on physical and mental health. † (2013, para. 7). Duffield makes a clear appeal that homelessness needs addressed to prevent the housing issues with youth, children, and that there are potentially greater risks for the future. She then goes on to show that if the same definition were used by all federal agencies â€Å"†¦then, with these homeless people eligible for assistance, local communities can assess peoples relative needs, considering factors such as income, employability, barriers to housing, illness, disability and childrens developmental delays† (2013, para. 5). By Duffield, using such statements she proves that changes with the law can help in many ways. The use of exhibits shows why she believes that all federal agencies should use the same definitions for homelessness. The author creates pathos by exposing the reader to whom and how conditions impact families and youth. Duffield writes: Who are these families and youths? A parent struggling with mental illness, caring for three young children with significant developmental delays, moving between motels because there are no shelters in the community. A 17-year-old kicked out of his home, staying with friends of friends, raped by the apartment owner, not eating on weekends, whose high school found out only when he worked up the courage to ask for food. These are daily scenarios in schools across the country. With this statement, Duffield appeals to the reader’s emotions and gives insight to how easily it could be someone they know or themselves. The author also uses examples to show how. (†¦These situations are unstable and often unsafe, putting children at high risk of abuse, health problems, and educational deficits. ) (2013, para. 3) The examples Duffield uses cause emotions to rise among the readers as they made a personal connection from the statements proved. By Duffield presenting pathos, she shows the audience the influence of circumstances on youth and families. In conclusion, Duffield provides ethos in the article to prove creditability by using Federal law, HUD criteria, and her professional credentials on the issue of homelessness, logos to show why she believes that all federal agencies should use the same definitions for homelessness, and pathos to create empathy by exposing audiences to who and how conditions impact families and youth. By all federal agencies using the same definition this would allow, families and youth are able to get the assistance needed which would help lower the risk of health problems from the result from negative conditions and a new generation of homelessness.

Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem Essay Example

Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem Essay Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem Jonathan Lethem was an American author born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Lethem graduated high school in Brooklyn and continued his education in Vermont at Bennington University. By his sophomore year, he decided to drop out of college and move to San Francisco, California to pursue his career in writing. Lethem is known for writing in the genre of science fiction. His success came pretty early when his novel Gun, With Occasional Music, was a finalist for the 1994 Nebula Award. Two years after the arrival of his success in 1996, he decided to move back to his hometown Brooklyn where he began to write his novel, Motherless Brooklyn. After publishing this novel in 1999 Lethem was met with a great deal of success, yet again. It won the National Books Critics Circle Award for fiction and the Macallan Gold Dagger for crime fiction. Letham was referred to as a â€Å"genre blender† by the New York Times because of his ability to mix detective, science fiction, literary elements and autobiographical elements in his novels. Some also referred to him as â€Å"something of a hipster celebrity.† We will write a custom essay sample on Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motherless Brooklyn By Jonathan Lethem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jonathan Lethem’s Motherless Brooklyn is a novel set in Brooklyn published in 1999. The novel is a detective story about a man named Lionel Essrog and three others who set out to find their boss’s killer. Lionel Essrog is the narrator of this story. At the beginning of the novel, we learn that our detective suffers from Tourettes syndrome, a psychological disorder that causes him to have random outbursts or compulsive behaviors. In the novel, he describes it in vivid details and uses phrases like â€Å"my mouth won’t quit† and â€Å"ventilating pressure off my head† to explain how he feels. So far throughout the novel, we can see that his Tourette’s syndrome is very significant in understanding the character. We learn how his mind works up the words he says and the actions he makes. This gives the novel a c

5 formas de obtener la ciudadanía americana

5 formas de obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana La ciudadanà ­a americana brinda, entre otros derechos, poder vivir y trabajar sin restricciones en los Estados Unidos y viajar con el pasaporte de ese paà ­s. Es muy comà ºn pensar que la nacionalidad estadounidense sà ³lo se obtiene si se nace en el paà ­s, pero eso es una idea equivocada. De hecho, son 5 los posibles caminos para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana: nacimiento, sangre, naturalizacià ³n, derivacià ³n o adopcià ³n. A continuacià ³n, los requisitos para cada caso. Ciudadanos de EE.UU. por nacimiento en ese paà ­s La forma ms comà ºn de adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense es por jus soil que es por nacimiento en cualquiera de los 50 estados que componen los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica o en alguno de sus territorios como, por ejemplo, Puerto Rico, Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas, Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte. Casi todos  los nacidos en Estados Unidos son ciudadanos americanos. La excepcià ³n son los hijos de padres extranjeros que se encuentran temporalmente en EE.UU. trabajando como diplomticos para el gobierno de otro paà ­s. Ello se debe a que los diplomticos no estn sujetos a la jurisdiccià ³n de Estados Unidos.   La ciudadanà ­a americana para el resto de los nacidos en el paà ­s est protegida por la Enmienda 14 de la Constitucià ³n. No importa el estatus migratorio de los padres. Si un bebà © nace en Estados Unidos o en uno de sus territorios el nià ±o es estadounidense aunque uno o los dos padres sean indocumentados. En este punto cabe destacar que es importante obtener cuanto antes el certificado de nacimiento del nià ±o, el Nà ºmero del Seguro Social y, si es posible, el pasaporte estadounidense. Si un menor sale de EE.UU. sin pasaporte de este paà ­s podrà ­a tener ms tarde problemas para regresar como estadounidense si no es posible probar que la madre estaba en EE.UU. en la fecha de nacimiento o si se le cambian los apellidos o el nombre al nà ±o y no coinciden exactamente con los de su certificado de nacimiento americano. Tambià ©n se estn dando problemas en el caso de menores estadounidenses hijos de indocumentados que salen de EE.UU. ellos solos y con pasaporte americano y à ©ste expira estando en otro paà ­s. En este caso podrà ­a haber problemas para renovarlo porque los padres indocumentados siguen en EE.UU. y no pueden presentarse con el nià ±o al consulado o a la embajada para pedir su renovacià ³n. La consecuencia de este problema es que el nià ±o podrà ­a no obtener su pasaporte para regresar a EE.UU. Finalmente, una aclaracià ³n a las personas de otros paà ­ses que pueden considerar venir a Estados Unidos a dar a luz para asà ­ asegurarse el pasaporte estadounidense para el recià ©n nacido. Es una prctica que sà ­ se realiza, pero conviene saber que el oficial migratorio puede impedir el ingreso a mujeres embarazadas extranjeras si no pueden probar que tienen cà ³mo pagar por un parto. Adems, deben conocerse los  riesgos de tener un hijo en Estados Unidos con visa de turista y resaltar que los menores estadounidenses no cambian la situacià ³n migratoria de sus padres. Para que un hijo pueda pedir a sus padres es necesario que tenga 21 aà ±os de edad y, adems, se cumplan otros requisitos. Ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n La naturalizacià ³n es un trmite por el que un extranjero que es residente permanente legal  solicita voluntariamente la ciudadanà ­a americana.   La mayorà ­a de las naturalizaciones tienen lugar cuando un residente permanente legal solicita la ciudadanà ­a cinco aà ±os despuà ©s de haber conseguido la green card  o de tres aà ±os si estn casados con un estadounidense. Adems, hay casos especiales de naturalizacià ³n: Ciudadanà ­a americana por los abuelosCiudadanà ­a para militaresAlgunos casos de adopcià ³n Se estima que en la actualidad aproximadamente ocho millones de residentes permanentes legales cumplen los requisitos para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Muchos no lo hacen porque le tienen miedo al examen de conocimientos histà ³ricos y cà ­vicos y, muy especialmente, al de inglà ©s. Sin embargo hay que tener en cuenta que existen excepciones y casos en los que  no hay que rendir el examen de inglà ©s durante la naturalizacià ³n. Adems, en todo el paà ­s estn presentes organizaciones que dan clases gratis para preparar el examen de ciudadanà ­a. Los ciudadanos naturalizados adquieren, bsicamente, los mismos derechos que los ciudadanos por nacimiento. Sin embargo, no pueden aspirar a ser presidentes del paà ­s, un privilegio reservado a lo que se denomina natural born citizens. Por à ºltimo, despejar dos dudas muy comunes. En primer lugar,  que en contra de lo que frecuentemente se cree, los ciudadanos americanos por naturalizacià ³n no pierden la ciudadanà ­a si abandonan Estados Unidos y se van a vivir de forma definitiva a otro paà ­s. Esa situacià ³n se daba en el pasado, con otras leyes, pero ya no es asà ­. En segundo lugar, Estados Unidos permite la doble nacionalidad, es decir, no exige que se renuncie a la de nacimiento como condicià ³n para adquirir la estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. Sin embargo, antes de solicitar la naturalizacià ³n es aconsejable verificar las leyes del paà ­s de origen porque en muchos casos adquirir la ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos puede significar perder automticamente la del paà ­s de origen. Ciudadanà ­a derivada automtica para hijos de naturalizados Cuando una persona adquiere la nacionalidad americana por naturalizacià ³n, sus hijos se convierten en estadounidenses de forma automtica siempre y cuando: Sean menores de 18 aà ±os y residentes permanentes legales. Es decir, sean titulares de su propia tarjeta de residencia.Que vivan con el pap o la mam que se convierte en ciudadano y que à ©ste tenga su custodia fà ­sica y legal de los menores de edad. Esto es asà ­ desde el 27 de febrero de 2001, cuando entrà ³ en vigor la reforma de la Ley de Ciudadanà ­a para Nià ±os, conocida como CCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Esa fecha es muy importante porque las reglas que aplicaban con anterioridad eran diferentes. Por lo tanto, las personas en esa situacià ³n deberà ­an obtener ms informacià ³n en este enlace sobre cà ³mo probar la ciudadanà ­a americana derivada en estos casos y quà © sucede con las personas en esta situacià ³n con anterioridad a la entrada en aplicacià ³n de la nueva ley. Adopcià ³n por parte de ciudadanos estadounidenses Los nià ±os nacidos en el extranjero que son adoptados por ciudadanos americanos adquieren, por lo general, la nacionalidad de sus padres. Pero existen diversos casos que conviene conocer  ya que es posible en algunos casos que se adquiera la situacià ³n de residente permanente legal. Nacidos en el extranjero cuando los padres son americanos o derecho de sangre Las personas nacidas en otro paà ­s son americanas desde el momento de su nacimiento si el padre, la madre o ambos son estadounidenses. Pero siempre y cuando se cumplan una serie de requerimientos  muy estrictos que son diferentes si ambos padres son ciudadanos, si sà ³lo es uno de ellos y si estn solteros o casados. Las personas interesadas pueden informarse sobre los requisitos que deben cumplirse para transmitir por derecho de sangre la nacionalidad  por padre o madre al hijo nacido en el extranjero, lo que tambià ©n se conoce como derecho de sangre o ius sanguinis. Cuando no se cumplan, en algunos casos todavà ­a ser posible que el menor obtenga la ciudadanà ­a pero a travà ©s de un abuelo y pasando por un proceso de naturalizacià ³n. Derechos y obligaciones de ciudadanos En Estados Unidos, los ciudadanos gozan de derechos y privilegios reservados para ellos. Por ejemplo, pueden votar registrndose previamente, viajar con pasaporte de EE.UU., desempeà ±ar ciertos trabajos federales reservados para ellos, pedir los papeles a ms familiares que los residentes permanentes, etc. Pero tambià ©n tienen obligaciones que continà ºan a aplicar incluso aunque residan habitualmente fuera de los Estados Unidos, como es, por ejemplo, la de pagar impuestos o, en el caso de los varones jà ³venes, anotarse al Servicio Selectivo. Todos los pros y cons de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana deberà ­an tenerse en cuenta antes de adquirirla. Puntos claves: 5 formas de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana En la actualidad, existen 5 formas de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense:Nacimiento: para todos excepto hijos de diplomticosNaturalizacià ³n: cuando un residente permanente legal decide hacerse ciudadano Derivacià ³n: para algunos hijos de los residentes permanentes legales que se convierten en ciudadanos.Adopcià ³n: para nià ±os nacidos en el extranjeros y adoptados por estadounidensesSangre: para nià ±os nacidos en el extranjero hijos de ciudadanos americanos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Radio Frequency Identification Tags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Radio Frequency Identification Tags - Essay Example They proved that the once-thought virus-safe RFID tags are prone to virus attack even if the memory seems too small to contain all the information needed by the virus to ruin the technology. This research is a call for the RFID designers to take extra care in engineering the chips' code. Since the databases vary about their built in security, the designers should focus on the details of the lines of source code which numbers up to millions. Around 6 to 16 mistakes out of a thousand lines of code mean less security and vulnerability to virus attack. This is important because RFID tags have promising uses in industries such as groceries and airports, wherein important information are all stored in databases. The uses include tracking and inventories, storage of information about personal and financial matters, and property monitoring. Interference of the RFID tags using the viruses does not affect only the system, but the larger scale of the industries concerned. False tags can be used on an item to deliver a virus in a properly working system. This virus can then replicate its illegal code on the databases and corrupt the files. (Kirk, 2006). Privacy of information stored in RFID tags should start at the design and engineering stage. The RFID tags must be designed in such a way that it holds the minimum amount of information possible, without compromising its function and performance. Manufacturers must find a way to decrease the linkability of the tags with confidential data (Cavoukian, 2006). Since RFID tags carry important information, it is very usefule not only in identification but for access into different databases as well. The Senate of the California State had passed a legislation which bans RFID tags in government transactions and documentations. Integration of RFID in any form of identification card, license, and document issued by the state. This prohibition is applicable also in the use of RFID by the employees for security access. (Hook, 2005). The University of Amsterdam's Faculty of Science created a website called the RFID Guardian. The site aims to help RFID users secure their privacy. The website, www.rfidguardian.org, offers a free video about the function of RFID Guardian and how its system works (Faculty of Science). Data and identity theft The RFID tag user should be responsible for the information covered by his tag. He should definitely be in control of the information his RFID tag carries. The same goes for institutions and organizations. They, therefore, should allot resources for training their employees so that the organization as a whole would be able to comply with privacy and security guidelines. They should limit the use of RFID in the disclosure of information by assessing their files and classifying them according to their relevance and confidentiality. Data including those of personal and confidential nature, and those data containing dispersible information, should be updated and accurate. This could prevent subsequent transfer of information using RFID tags from one system to another, which makes the information vulnerable to illegal attacks. There should also be consent from an individual concerned whether or not certain information about him can be disclosed from his RFID tag (Cavoukian, 2006). Due to the important data stored in RFID tags, the technology attracts unauthorized individuals to invade somebody else's privacy. These illegally involved people can

Tupelo's Dilemma1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tupelo's Dilemma1 - Case Study Example    2.  Ã‚  Ã‚   What can you say about the management style of the VP of Marketing in the case? Is it appropriate? Why, or why not? The management style of the VP can be said to be quite remarkable, because he applied the techniques of Lateral thinking of trying to increase the sales and consequently increase the profit margin on the HDTV’s. Due to the intense competition of the margins on HDTV’s it can be quite demoralizing for any company. The VP’s decision can be called timely, by not laying much thrust on the strategy per se, but the decision to act in a timely manner and reduce the gap which he found through the Warranty Extension Contract.    3.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Define any Ethical Issue that you perceive in this scenario. The one hitch that one finds in this strategy for marketing is that the salespersons are compelled to make a sale under any circumstances. Which means that the customers are treated as baits in the web of Marketing and Market share. The c anned presentation approach hardly leaves any scope for the customer to exercise his discretion be it for a good product or a subversive quality product.

Birth Order and Aggressive Behavior Essay Example for Free

Birth Order and Aggressive Behavior Essay ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to determine if birth order correlates to a demonstration of aggressiveness in kindergarten aged children. It is hypothesized that middle born children will demonstrate the most aggressive tendencies, last born children would experience less than the first born, and only children would have the least when compared to all other birth orders. This quasi-experimental methodology will involve a field study of children from the ten kindergarten classes at the Seoul American Elementary School (SAES). Teachers will be asked to complete the Child Behavior Scale (CBS) inventory on each child, used to measure six behavior categories related to aggression. Each CBS inventory will include birth data for the student whose behavior was observed. The findings are expected to show a correlation between birth order and a tendency toward aggression. INTRODUCTION Everyone who is born into a family arrives relative to other children who have already been born or will be at some point in the future or perhaps as an only child. Birth order does not permanently mark each child such as race or gender, but it can impact on the way a person responds to the environment. There have been a number of studies done on the relationship of birth order to personality, intelligence, anxiety and other characteristics with the belief that each child born into a family is treated differently based on their birth order, family interaction and subsequent challenges. Some birth order theorists believe that a childs position in the family greatly influences their personality characteristics which directly affect their behavior both inside and outside of the home (Morales). Not every theorist has the same view and there are those that believe a psychological birth order has more impact than the physical birth order on the development of personality characteristics (Campbell, White Stewart, 1991). In his book, Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway describes how birth order influences our lives in many different ways from achievement to rebellion and from conformity to creativity (The Edge, 1998). While firstborns and laterborns are not much different in overall levels of creativity, the differences in how that creativity is exercised is very different. Firstborns are more likely to win the Nobel Prize by intellectual achievement within the system while the younger siblings will be more inclined to accept radical innovations in science and social though. His findings showed that revolutionaries and those who supported them were disproportionately likely to be later-borns (Sulloway, 1999). While not every social scientist agreed with Sulloways research (Harris, 1995; e.g., Falbo, 1997 ), others conducted follow-up studies that confirmed the original findings (Zweigenhaft Ammon, 2000), and Freese, Powell Steelman discovered measures in addition to birth order to help explain reasons for various behaviors (1999). This study hopes to build on previous research to determine whether a correlation exists between birth order and a childs tendency to demonstrate aggressiveness. METHOD Coordination with the Seoul American Elementary School (SAES), a Department of Defense Dependent School located on Yongsan Army Base, Yongsan, Seoul, Korea, will be done to get permission for the study. Permission from the school and the parents of the children selected will be obtained prior to the start of this study. PARTICIPANTS This study will be conducted in the classroom during normal school hours for all students attending the ten full day Kindergarten classes at SAES during a specified 30 day period of the school year. There will be approximately 360 students for this study with an equal number of girls and boys, with 45% of the class comprised of Asian-Americans, 20% African-Americans, 15%Â  Latin-Americans and the remainder Caucasians. APPARATUS/MATERIALS Teachers will be provided the Child Behavior Scale (CBS) inventory as a means to assess aggressive, prosocial, and withdrawn behaviors of children ages 5-6 years of age. The CBS contains 59 items for which the teacher must respond using a 3-point response scale (1=doesnt apply, 2=applies sometimes, 3=certainly applies) (Ladd Profilet, 1996). The CBS measures six categories of behavior as follows: aggressiveness with peers, prosocial behavior with peers, exclusion by peers, asocial behavior with peers, hyperactive-distractible behavior, and anxious-fearful behavior. Copies of the CBS inventory and permission for its use will be obtained from its author, Dr. Gary Ladd, at Arizona State University (an email request has been sent copy of email attached). PROCEDURE Teachers from the 10 Kindergarten classes will observe their students for a specified 30 days during the school year, completing the CBS inventory for each student during that time. The teacher will indicate the birth order of the child on the completed inventory which will then be turned in to the SAES front office to be picked up by the study group. RESULTS The expected results will validate the hypothesis that middle born children will tend to demonstrate more aggressive behavior than either first born, last born or only children. Tables are expected to be used for this study and will include a listing of the CBS subscale items related to firstborn, middleborn, lastborn and onlyborn, further identified by girl and boy. An example follows: DISCUSSION Apart from the effects of birth order, there is little information about the ways in which the nonshared environment influences human development, mainly because psychologists have not been successful in developing direct measures of this environment. The challenge for future researchers lies in devising ways to test competing hypotheses that bear on the nature and influence of this elusive environment. Peer groups are an important aspect of this type of environmental influence, but so is the family environment and life experiences as well (Sulloway, 98). REFERENCES Campbell, L., White, J., Stewart, A. (1991). The relationship of psychological birth order to actual birth order. Individual Psychology, 47: 380-391. Falbo, T. (1997). To rebel or not to rebel? Is this the birth order question? Contemporary Psychology, 42: 938-939. Freese, J., Powell, B., Steelman, L.C., (1999). Rebel without a cause or effect: birth order and social attitudes. American Sociological Review, 64: 207-231. Harris, Judith Rich. (1995). Where is the childs environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102: 458-89. How is Personality Formed? A Talk with Frank J. Sulloway (1998). The Edge Foundation, Inc., Third Culture. Accessed on 13 Feb 2004 at: www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sulloway . Ladd, G. Profilet, S. (1996). The child behavior scale: A teacher-report measure of young childrens aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Development Psychololgy, 32 (6), 1008-1024. Morales, C. (1994). Birth Order Theory: A Case for Cooperative Learning. Journal of Instructional Psychology 21: 246-250. Rubin, R. Hubbard, J. (2003). Childrens verbalizations and cheating behavior during game playing: the role of sociometric status, aggression, and gender. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31: 65-78. Solo, R., MacLin, M., (2002). Experimental Psychology. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Sulloway, F. (1999). Birth Order in Runco, M. Pritzker, eds., Encyclopedia of Creativity, 1:189-202. Zweigenhaft, R., Ammon, J., (2000). Birth Order and Civil Disobedience: A Test of Sulloways Born to Rebel Hypothesis. Journal of Social Psychology, 140: 624-628.